23. The business cycle

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öğrenmeye başla

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soru		cevap
downturn öğrenmeye başla		a decline in economic activity
upturn öğrenmeye başla		an increase in economic activity
expectation oczekiwania, wymagania öğrenmeye başla		beliefs about what will happen in the future
consumption öğrenmeye başla		purchasing and using goods and services
gross domestic product öğrenmeye başla		the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
balance of payment öğrenmeye başla		is a statement of all transactions made between entities in one country and the rest of the world over a defined period, such as a quarter or a year.
demand öğrenmeye başla		the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase goods and services
supply öğrenmeye başla		the willingness and ability of businesses to offer goods and services for sale
save öğrenmeye başla		to keep money so that you can use it in the future
equilibrium öğrenmeye başla		a state of balance, for example when supply is the same as demand
deficit öğrenmeye başla		an amount of money that is smaller than is needed
surplus nadmiar öğrenmeye başla		an excess: a quantity that is larger than is needed
fiscal policy öğrenmeye başla		government actions concerning taxation and public expenditure działania rządu dotyczące podatków i wydatków publicznych
monetary policy öğrenmeye başla		government or central bank actions concerning the rate of growth of the money in circulation działania rządu lub banku centralnego dotyczące tempa wzrostu pieniądza w obiegu
money supply podaż pieniądza öğrenmeye başla		the total amount of money available in an economy at a particular time
keynesianism öğrenmeye başla		the economic theory that government monetary and fiscal policy should stimulate business activity and increase employment in a recession
business cycle öğrenmeye başla		a period during which a country's economy goes from growth to recession (= a time when business conditions are bad) and back to growth

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