ANGOL 3 TEST2

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a set of 206 fused and individual bones of the body
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skeleton
contractile tissue that produces force and sets the attached bones in motion
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muscle
a type of rigid and dense connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton of human body
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bone
a felxible connective tissue found in the joints between bones, the ribcage, the ear not as hard as rigid as bone but stiffer and less fexible than muscle
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cartilage
structures that support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells minerals and come in various shapes and structures
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bones
a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone
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tendon
a string of fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones
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ligament
the location at where two or more bones make contact, articulate, that allows movement and provides support; might be either movable or immovable
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joint
a group of tissues in the body that maintains the form of the body and its organs and provides organization an internal support
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connective tissue
a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, group of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together
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fascia
an immovable joint found in the skull
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suture
a movable joint
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articulation
a structure that consists of 80 bones along the central axis of the human body; it is composed of the human skull, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column
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axial skeleton
a structure that is composed of 126 bones, which is joined to yet another type of skeleton; functionally it is involved in locomotion and manipulation of objects in the environment
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appendicular skeleton
soft fexible tissue found in the interior of bones that produces new blood cells
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marrow
an encircling or ring like structure that attaches either the upper (pectoral) or the lower(pelvic) limbs to the axial skeleton
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girdle
a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the pectoral girdle, forming a core portion of the human skeleton
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ribcage
sztywne
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rigid
geste
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dense
sztywniejsze
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stiffer
twarde
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tough
tkanka łaczna
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connective tissue
podstawowe czesci
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core portion
obrecz piersiowa
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pectoral girdle
four atypical ribs that are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum
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floating ribs
the cells of this type of bone appear to be tightly packed togheter into a solid mass are found on the outside of bones; they make up hard outer layer that gives bones their smooth white appearance
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compact bone
the type of bone taht has large open spaces an fills the interior of bones
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spongy bone
wypełniać
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fill out
a part is above another part, or closer to the head
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superior
a part is below another part or closer to the feet
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inferior
part is towards the back
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posterior/dorsal
a oart is towards the front(surface) of the body
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anterior/ventral
front or towards the fornt of the body
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anterior
back or towards the back
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posterior
a part is closer to the point of attachment, or closer to the trunk of the body rhan another part
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proximal
a part is further away from the point of attachment than another part
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distal
a part is towards or nearer the midline of the body
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medial
a part is towards or nearer, the side, away from the midline of the body
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lateral
a part is located on or nearer the surface
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superficial
a part is away from the surface
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deep
outer
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external
inner
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internal
refers tointernal organs or the covernig the organs
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visceral
refers to the wall of a body cavity
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parietal
lying on the stomach, face down
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prone
lying on the back, face up
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supine
obejmować
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encompass
rdzeń czegoś
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core
with two or more horses harnessed one behind another/having two things arranged one in front of the other
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in tandem
1) Gives the body form and provide body structures,
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1) musculoskeletal
2) protects the internal organs
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the musculoskeletal
3) Provides, enable movement
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3) musculoskeletal
4) Determines body height and mass
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the musculoskeletal
5) The foundation for facial features (rysy twarzy), hand charakteristics (te linie na dłoniach) and athletic ability.
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the musculoskeletal
6) The bones form the core of the structural body
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the musculoskeletal
7) The muscles bulid the body’s outward apperance
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the musculoskeletal
8) The bones an the muscles carry the body through life
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the musculoskeletal
The axial skeleton forms the body’s central aligment; its bones are primarily those of suport and shelter.
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Szkielet osiowy tworzy centralne wyrównanie ciała; to kości są przede wszystkim wsparciem i schronieniem.
The bones give the body shape, protection and mobility
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The bones give the body shape, protection and mobility
1) Bones provide the structure that gives the body resistance against gravity and makes movement possible
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1) Bones provide the structure that gives the body resistance against gravity and makes movement possible
1) Long bones function as levers for the skeletal muscles to generate movement and locomotion
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13) Długie kości działają jak dźwignie dla mięśni szkieletowych, które generują ruch i lokomocję
14) 14) The compact construction of short bones supports functions that require greater strength and less leverage
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14) Zwarta budowa krótkich kości wspiera funkcje, które wymagają większej siły i mniejszego dźwigni
1) Flat bones provide Surface area for firmly anchoring the large skeletal muscles that make movement possible.
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15) Płaskie kości zapewniają powierzchnię dla mocnego zakotwiczenia dużych mięśni szkieletowych, które umożliwiają ruch.
some bones function as armor protecting vital structures and organs
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some bones function as armor protecting vital structures and organs
the smooth thick bones of the skull completely encase the brain in a chamber that has few natural points of entry
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gładkie grube kości czaszki całkowicie zamykają mózg w komorze, która ma kilka naturalnych punktów wejścia
vertebrae separated by cushions of cartilage enclose the spinal cord, their irregular shapes deflecting access while at the same permitting flexibility
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kręgi oddzielone poduszkami chrząstki otaczają rdzeń kręgowy, ich nieregularne kształty odchylają dostęp, a jednocześnie pozwalają na elastyczność
the ribs form a cage that contains the heart and lungs, providing a framework for the bellows-like action of the lungs with the thick sternum like a shield to shelter the heart
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żebra tworzą klatkę, która zawiera serce i płuca, tworząc ramę dla podobnego do miechowego działania płuc z grubym mostkiem, jak tarcza do schronienia serca
the skeletal muscles cover and protect the bones, attaching directly to them
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the skeletal muscles cover and protect the bones, attaching directly to them
muscles support and protect other structures such as blood vessels and nerves
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muscles support and protect other structures such as blood vessels and nerves
most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs, with one muscle group contracting and the other relaxing in synchronization to permit the balanced, coordinated and smooth movements necessary for mobility form sitting to running
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większość mięśni szkieletowych pracuje w przeciwstawnych parach, z jednym kurczeniem się grupy mięśniowej, a druga z relaksującą synchronizacją, aby umożliwić zrównoważone, skoordynowane i płynne ruchy niezbędne dla formy mobilności siedzącej do biegania
specialized structures of connective tissue join the bones and the muscles
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specialized structures of connective tissue join the bones and the muscles
tendons, fibrous bands that arise from muscle, join muscle to bone
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ścięgna, włókniste opaski, które powstają z mięśni, łączą mięśnie z kością
ligaments are tough and sinewy, they connect bones to each other
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więzadła są mocne i ścięgniste, łączą ze sobą kości
sheet-like fascia covers the muscles, connecting muscle to muscle and muscle to skin
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przypominająca arkusz powięź pokrywa mięśnie, łącząc mięśnie, mięśnie i mięśnie ze skórą
pozycji leżącej
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prone position
pozycji leżącej na brzuchu
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prone position
pozycja leżąca na plecach
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supine position
poślizgu na
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slip on
poślizgu na
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slip on
siniak
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bruise
swędzący
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itchy
morfina jest skuteczna w łagodzeniu ostrego bólu pooperacyjnego
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morphine is effective in relieving acute post-operative pain
dostęp do opioidowych środków przeciwbólowych jest ograniczony
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access to opioid analgesics is restricted
długotrwałe stosowanie niektórych opioidowych leków przeciwbólowych może powodować zależność fizyczną i psychiczną
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prolonged use of some opioid analgesics may produce physiolohical and psychological dependence
upośledzenie
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impairment
upośledzenie płuc
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pulmonary impairment
szczepienia
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vaccinate
być szczepionym
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be vaccinate
przecięcia i otarcia
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cuts and grazes
konfiskata
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seizure
atak np padaczki
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seizure
wyzwalac
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trigger
światła stroboskopowe
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stroboscopic lights
wskrzesić
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revive
aplikowac dawac komus leki jak nurss
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to administer
opona mozgowa
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meninx/meninges
przeciwwskazanie
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contraindication
przetoki sztuczne?
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stomata
stożkowy
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conical
trzewiowy
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visceral
Guzom płuc towarzyszy często ogólne złe samopoczucie
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lung tumors are often accompanied by general malaise
leki bez recepty
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over-the counter drugs
zaostrzyć
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exacerbate
w przypadku palpacji brzusznej pacjent powinien leżeć odkrytą
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for abdominal palpation the patient should lie face up
łagodzić
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alleviate
weź trochę słodyczy z gardła, aby złagodzić ból gardła
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take some throat sweets to alleviate your sore throat
mój nos zaczął biec od czterech dni
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my nose started to run for four days now

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