soru  |
cevap |
Culture as "the cultivation of plants" öğrenmeye başla
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" öğrenmeye başla
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" öğrenmeye başla
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste öğrenmeye başla
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... öğrenmeye başla
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? öğrenmeye başla
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? öğrenmeye başla
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First distinct in culture: öğrenmeye başla
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Second distinct in culture: öğrenmeye başla
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Third distinct in culture: öğrenmeye başla
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Fourth distinct in culture: öğrenmeye başla
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Fifth distinct in culture: öğrenmeye başla
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Sixth distinct in culture: öğrenmeye başla
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Seventh distinct in culture: öğrenmeye başla
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? öğrenmeye başla
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? öğrenmeye başla
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: öğrenmeye başla
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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öğrenmeye başla
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? öğrenmeye başla
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instruction and moral progress
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öğrenmeye başla
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care given to development of the mind
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öğrenmeye başla
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? öğrenmeye başla
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? öğrenmeye başla
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? öğrenmeye başla
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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öğrenmeye başla
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Socio-cultural patterns... öğrenmeye başla
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... öğrenmeye başla
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... öğrenmeye başla
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? öğrenmeye başla
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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öğrenmeye başla
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... öğrenmeye başla
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Culture is a system that has... öğrenmeye başla
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... öğrenmeye başla
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: öğrenmeye başla
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. öğrenmeye başla
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? öğrenmeye başla
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. öğrenmeye başla
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: öğrenmeye başla
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? öğrenmeye başla
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? öğrenmeye başla
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? öğrenmeye başla
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? öğrenmeye başla
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? öğrenmeye başla
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? öğrenmeye başla
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: öğrenmeye başla
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? öğrenmeye başla
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It includes numerous "languages".
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öğrenmeye başla
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? öğrenmeye başla
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? öğrenmeye başla
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? öğrenmeye başla
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? öğrenmeye başla
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... öğrenmeye başla
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? öğrenmeye başla
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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öğrenmeye başla
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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öğrenmeye başla
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anything that produces meaning.
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öğrenmeye başla
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? öğrenmeye başla
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? öğrenmeye başla
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution öğrenmeye başla
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: öğrenmeye başla
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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öğrenmeye başla
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... öğrenmeye başla
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Mass production process... öğrenmeye başla
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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öğrenmeye başla
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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öğrenmeye başla
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? öğrenmeye başla
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? öğrenmeye başla
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? öğrenmeye başla
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The first magazine published and when? öğrenmeye başla
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When was telegraph invented? öğrenmeye başla
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What was the first movie and when was it published? öğrenmeye başla
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? öğrenmeye başla
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? öğrenmeye başla
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When did the internet start working around? öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: öğrenmeye başla
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: öğrenmeye başla
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: öğrenmeye başla
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: öğrenmeye başla
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: öğrenmeye başla
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"favoured by people generally"
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öğrenmeye başla
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: öğrenmeye başla
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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öğrenmeye başla
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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öğrenmeye başla
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... öğrenmeye başla
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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öğrenmeye başla
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? öğrenmeye başla
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? öğrenmeye başla
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... öğrenmeye başla
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: öğrenmeye başla
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: öğrenmeye başla
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... öğrenmeye başla
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... öğrenmeye başla
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... öğrenmeye başla
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... öğrenmeye başla
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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öğrenmeye başla
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... öğrenmeye başla
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the authentic with commercial.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... öğrenmeye başla
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... öğrenmeye başla
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... öğrenmeye başla
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... öğrenmeye başla
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... öğrenmeye başla
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... öğrenmeye başla
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... öğrenmeye başla
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... öğrenmeye başla
|
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... öğrenmeye başla
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The MP3 file format was developed in... öğrenmeye başla
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... öğrenmeye başla
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The Napster shut down in... öğrenmeye başla
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: öğrenmeye başla
|
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... öğrenmeye başla
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... öğrenmeye başla
|
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... öğrenmeye başla
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... öğrenmeye başla
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The Frankfurt School moved to... öğrenmeye başla
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: öğrenmeye başla
|
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... öğrenmeye başla
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... öğrenmeye başla
|
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... öğrenmeye başla
|
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... öğrenmeye başla
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... öğrenmeye başla
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Culture industry uses a... öğrenmeye başla
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... öğrenmeye başla
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... öğrenmeye başla
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... öğrenmeye başla
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... öğrenmeye başla
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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öğrenmeye başla
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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endless stream of movies.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... öğrenmeye başla
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... öğrenmeye başla
|
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... öğrenmeye başla
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... öğrenmeye başla
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... öğrenmeye başla
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... öğrenmeye başla
|
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... öğrenmeye başla
|
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... öğrenmeye başla
|
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... öğrenmeye başla
|
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... öğrenmeye başla
|
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... öğrenmeye başla
|
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... öğrenmeye başla
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Youth subcultures express... öğrenmeye başla
|
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opposition to the generation gap.
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öğrenmeye başla
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Resistance is expressed through... öğrenmeye başla
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: öğrenmeye başla
|
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... öğrenmeye başla
|
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Middle 1970s subculture was... öğrenmeye başla
|
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... öğrenmeye başla
|
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Early 1980s subculture was... öğrenmeye başla
|
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Another early 1980s subculture was... öğrenmeye başla
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The skinhead value system and style... öğrenmeye başla
|
|
mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... öğrenmeye başla
|
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... öğrenmeye başla
|
|
short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
|
an exotic dialect known as patois.
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öğrenmeye başla
|
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... öğrenmeye başla
|
|
being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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öğrenmeye başla
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: öğrenmeye başla
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... öğrenmeye başla
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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öğrenmeye başla
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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öğrenmeye başla
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... öğrenmeye başla
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Post-subcultural generation... öğrenmeye başla
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... öğrenmeye başla
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öğrenmeye başla
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usually followed by a slogan.
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öğrenmeye başla
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are based on visual style.
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öğrenmeye başla
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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öğrenmeye başla
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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öğrenmeye başla
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial öğrenmeye başla
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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öğrenmeye başla
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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öğrenmeye başla
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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öğrenmeye başla
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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öğrenmeye başla
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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öğrenmeye başla
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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öğrenmeye başla
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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öğrenmeye başla
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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öğrenmeye başla
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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öğrenmeye başla
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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öğrenmeye başla
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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öğrenmeye başla
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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öğrenmeye başla
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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öğrenmeye başla
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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