gramatyka opisowa 1,2,3

parts of speech

lexical categories

name of thing, animal, person, idea

noun

action, state, phenomena, event process

verb

modifies verb, adjective, other adverb

adverb

modifies noun, like what

adjective

cat

noun

green

adjective

run

verb

drive SLOWLY

adverb

QUITE beautiful

adverb

VERY early

adverb

replaces noun

pronoun

 Przyimki, indicate relations in time, space, or grammatical functions

preposition

 To, from, during, of, with, in front of, under

preposition

join words or phrases

conjunction

point at object, express references type

determiner

replaces whole sentances (no)

particle

approach to grammar rule driven

prescriptive approach

approach to grammar, data driven, observe native speakers

dercriptive approach

the actual belief or mental representation of a situation not necessarily verbalized  think to yourself without speaking to others  cognitive unit, psychological, conceptual, mental representation

deep structure

 the linguistic expression of a belief or mental representation  thoughts to sentence, syntactic

surface structure

(aspect) general state of affairs

simple (aspect)

(aspect) action in progress

progressive, continuous (aspect)

(aspect) expresses relativeness of the past to the present, teraźniejszy dokonany

perfect (aspect)

Provides information, shares information (mood)

declarative (mood)

requests information (mood)

interrogative (mood)

requests action, information (mood)

imperative (mood) (imperator rozkazuje)

How many cases in english?

2, nominative and genetive

she, Susan, my sister, the girl in the picture

noun phrase

has done, should have done, will do it, work, is

verb phrase

big, very big, very big indeed (modifies noun phrase)

adjective phrase

slowly, over there, right now (modifies very phrase)

adverb phrase

at the bar (preposition + noun phrase)

prepositional phrase

 A phrase which provides you with additional, optional information about the event described by the verb phrase

adjunct

component of verb phrase, and it begins with a verb and ends with a verb

verb group

is adjunct grammatically required?

no

orzeczenie

predicate

limited in quantity

finate

doesn't contain tense

non-finate

how word changes shape bc of grammar

inflection

individual sound, smallest component of language

phoneme

can a phoneme be a word or morpheme?

yes (a)

 Meaningless phonemes are combined into meaningful morphemes

true

smallest MEANINGFUL component of language

morpheme

 Entry in dictionary that has independent meaning or syntactic function

word

meaning of a word, semantic content of the word

denotation

can a verb group be verb phrase?

yes (have been sleeping)

noun phrase without determina

nominal group

simple sentance (NP+VP)

clause

bigger clause of 2+ clauses

complex sentance

verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs

lexical verb

describes verb (content word)

common adverb

verbs like should, can, could, might, will etc

modal verb

type of verb that takes a supportive role in a sentence, second to the main verb (be, have, done)

auxilary verb

describes adjectives, adverbs (very, quite, so)

degree adverb

words such as the, my, this, some, twenty, each, any, which are used before nouns

determiner

substitute a person's name. They can also substitute any third-person noun in a sentence.

personal pronoun

show that a noun owns or possesses something.

possesive pronoun

come before a noun to modify it, just like an adjective.

possesive determina

who, whom, which, what, whose, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever

interrogative pronoun

representtion of a class of objects

generic reference

two of more heads (husband and wife)

coordinate phrase

strawberry

polymorphemic word

wise- people, very-nice, very- slowly

modifier+head

phoneme articulated in the vocal tract by creating obstruction to the air stream.

consonant

phoneme articulated without obstruction to the air stream in the vocal tract. (Air travels freely)

vowel

two kinds of phonemes?

vowel, consonant

what is necessary for a syllable?

a vowel

f, v

labio-dental

p, b, m, ł

bilabial

Ɵð

dental

t, d, s, z, l,n

alveolar

ś,ź, tś, dż

alveo-palatal

j

palatal

k, g, ng

velar

h

glottal

• P, b, t, d, k, g (short sound)

plosive

ts, dz (short sound)

affricate

• F, v, Ɵ, s, z, ś, ź, h (can prolong articulation)

fricative

m, n, ng

nasal

o Each consonant is described in terms of 3 features

 Place of articulation  Manner of articulation  Voiced/voiceless

vowel+vowel, vowel+semi-vowel

diphtong

o Different articulatory version of a phoneme; the change is not meaningfully distinct

allophone

o The articulatory properties of a phoneme are affected by the articulatory properties of a neighbouring phoneme; in other words, a sound e.g., affects the preceding sound

assimilation

o Friendship (d disappears) o We must talk (t disappears)

elision

o Two words with ONE different phoneme (pin bin, tin sin, bed bid)

minimal pairs

meaningless sounds can be combined into meaningful morphemes and words

duality