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öğrenmeye başla
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The ability to create an infinite number of new sentences that are also grammatically correct
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Give an example of a phrase structure rule öğrenmeye başla
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The deep structure and surface structure öğrenmeye başla
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The deep structure is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented. • That same deep structure can be the source of many other surface structures
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öğrenmeye başla
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specify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents
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öğrenmeye başla
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Transform sentences, e.g., from statements to questions
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example of a transformational rule öğrenmeye başla
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Statement: "She is happy." → Question: "Is she happy?
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öğrenmeye başla
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is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences (Semantics is concerned with objective or general meaning)
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öğrenmeye başla
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Conceptual and associative meaning
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(denotative, literal, dictinary) öğrenmeye başla
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covers basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word needle - ‘thin, sharp, steel instrument’ (basic components of the word)
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öğrenmeye başla
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all types of associations or connotations different people might have attached to a word
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öğrenmeye başla
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– crucial elements or features of meaning Example: to be a subject of a sentence a noun must be animate Boy (+animate) Hamburger (-animate)
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öğrenmeye başla
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The roles of sentence participants, e.g., agent, theme The boy kicked the ball. • The agent - ‘the entity that performs the action’ (the boy) • The theme (the patient) – ‘the entity that is involved in or affected by the action’ (the ball)
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öğrenmeye başla
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1 agent, 2 theme, 3 instument, 4 experiencer, 5 localisation, 6 source, 7 goal
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öğrenmeye başla
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‘the entity that performs the action
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öğrenmeye başla
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‘the entity that is involved in or affected by the action’
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öğrenmeye başla
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an entity used to perform an action
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öğrenmeye başla
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an entity (a person) who has a feeling, perception or state; s/he is not performing any action
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the location, source, goal öğrenmeye başla
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The location - where an entity is (on the table, in the room) • The source – where the entity moves from (from Chcago) • The goal - where the entity moves to (to New Orlean)
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öğrenmeye başla
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The relationships between words
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7 types of lexical relations öğrenmeye başla
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Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy, metonymy, collocations.
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öğrenmeye başla
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Two or more words with very closely related meanings; they can be substituted for each other in sentences
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öğrenmeye başla
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Words that sound the same but have different meanings, e.g., "bare" and "bear"
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öğrenmeye başla
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The idea of ‘the characteristic instance’ of a category The best examples of a category, e.g., "sparrow" as a prototype of a bird.
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Antonyms are divided into two main types: • ‘gradable’ (opposites along a scale) • ‘non-gradable’ (direct opposites) öğrenmeye başla
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Two forms with opposite meanings alive/dead, big/small, fast/slow, happy/sad, hot/cold, long/short, male/female, married/single, old/new, rich/poor, true/false
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öğrenmeye başla
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When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described animal/dog, dog/poodle, vegetable/carrot, flower/rose, tree/banyan
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öğrenmeye başla
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when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings bank (of a river) – bank (financial institution) bat (flying creature) – bat (used in sports) mole (on skin) – mole (small animal) pupil (at school) – pupil (in the eye) race (contest of speed) – race (ethnic group)
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öğrenmeye başla
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When two or more different (written) forms have the same pronunciation bare/bear, meat/meet, flour/flower, pail/pale, right/write, sew/so and to/too/two.
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öğrenmeye başla
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Two or more words with the same form and related meanings Head - the object on top of the body, on top of a glass of beer, person at the top of a company or department. • Foot (of person, of bed, of mountain) or • Run (person does, water does, colors do)
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öğrenmeye başla
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close connection in everyday experience a container–contents relation (bottle/water, can/juice), • a whole–part relation (car/wheels, house/roof) • a representative–symbol relationship (king/crown, the President/the White House
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öğrenmeye başla
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a predictable combination of words‘; words frequently occurring together Hammer – nail • Table – chair • Butter – bread • Needle – thread • Salt – pepper
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öğrenmeye başla
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complementary, gradable, and relational gradable - opposite along on a scale (big-small, old-new, early-late) non-gradable - direct opposite (black-white, dead-alive, true-false) reelational - frtom the same family (parent-child, teacher-student, give-recive)
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special properties of human language (natural language) öğrenmeye başla
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Duality, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness Displacement • Arbitrariness • Productivity • Cultural transmission • Duality
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What are the areas in the brain responsible for speech öğrenmeye başla
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Broca’s area (speech production) and Wernicke’s area (understanding the speech)
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öğrenmeye başla
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is a bundle of nerve fibers which forms a connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas. • Discoverd by Wernicke
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öğrenmeye başla
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an area in the brain that controls movement of the muscles. The part of the motor cortex that controls the articulatory muscles of the face, jaw, tongue and larynx is located close to Broca’s area
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3 difficulties in speech production öğrenmeye başla
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• The tip of the tongue phenomenon • A slip of the tongue • A slip of the ear
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The tip of the tongue phenomenon öğrenmeye başla
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We feel that we know the word but it doesn’t want to come to the surface
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öğrenmeye başla
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An unintentional error in speaking, where someone says something different from what they intended. It often involves mixing up sounds, words, or sentence structures noble tons of soil --- noble sons of toil A speech error where a person unintentionally says a different word or phrase than intended.
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öğrenmeye başla
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A mishearing of spoken words
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Broca’s aphasia • Wernicke’s aphasia • Conduction aphasia öğrenmeye başla
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an impairment of language function caused by localized brain damage; it results in difficulties understanding and/or producing linguistic forms
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öğrenmeye başla
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a reduced amount of speech, distorted articulation, slow, often effortful speech , lexical morphemes (e.g. nouns, verbs). frequent omission of functional morphemes (e.g. articles, prepositions) and inflections (e.g. plural - s, past tense -ed) speech is ‘agrammatic’. I eggs and eat and drink coffee breakfast
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related to difficulties in auditory comprehension, sometimes called ‘sensory aphasia’. öğrenmeye başla
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-very fluent speech which is, however, often difficult to make sense of. very general terms are used, even in response to questions for specific information. difficulties finding the correct word (anomia); to deal with problem → describing the objects or their puropse
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Caused by the damage to the arcuate fasciculus öğrenmeye başla
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sometimes mispronounce words, but usually do not have articulation problems. they are fluent, but rhythm may be disrupted due to pauses comprehension of spoken words is good. repeating a word or phrase (spoken by someone else) is problematic.
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öğrenmeye başla
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A period in childhood during which language acquisition occurs most efficiently; after this period, learning language becomes more difficult. first few years of life is the crucial time in which an individual can acquire a first language
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difference between acquiring a language and learning a language öğrenmeye başla
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acquiring a language natural process when a child learns the language throught the contact with enviroment without formal instructions learning- aquiring the language through formal way, from books, lessons, grammal rules
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öğrenmeye başla
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The Language Acquisition Device – a hypothetical mechanism in a child's brain that facilitates language acquisition allows children laquiring the language quickly and effortcently
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What does it mean that interaction is required in first language acquisition öğrenmeye başla
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Children need to interact with others to effectively acquire language listening is not enough to master the languag. children must particioate in interactions with other people
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What does it mean that cultural transmission is required in first language acquisition öğrenmeye başla
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Language is passed down through generations in a social and cultural context how the concepts from one culture are passed down from generation to generation
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öğrenmeye başla
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Child-Directed Speech – the way adults speak to children, characterized by simple vocabulary, clear articulation, and repetition
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