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swoisty
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individualistic
—individualistic /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuəˈlɪstɪk; US / (also individualist) adj. an individualistic culture His music is highly individualistic and may not appeal to everyone. ▶ swoisty indywidualistyczny
indywidualność
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individuality
individuality /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuˈæləti; US / noun [uncountable] the qualities that make sb/sth different from other people or things People often try to express their individuality by the way they dress. ▶ indywidualność
indywidualnie, pojedyńczo
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individually, individually
individually /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəli; US / adv. separately; one by one The teacher talked to each member of the class individually. ▶ indywidualnie pojedynczo oddzielnie
niepodzielny
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indivisible
indivisible /ˌɪndɪˈvɪzəbl; US / adj. that cannot be divided or split into smaller pieces ▶ niepodzielny
indoktrynować
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indoctrinate
□ indoctrination /ɪnˌdɒktrɪˈneɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ indoktrynacja
indoctrinate /ɪnˈdɒktrɪneɪt; US / verb [transitive] to force sb to accept particular beliefs without considering others For 20 years the people have been indoctrinated by the government. ▶ indoktrynować
gnuśny, leniwy
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indolent
indolent /ˈɪndələnt; US / adj. (formal) not wanting to work ▶ gnuśny leniwy  SYNONYM  lazy □ indolence /-əns; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ gnuśność lenistwo
używany wewnątrz budynku
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indoor
indoors /ˌɪnˈdɔ: z; US / adv. in or into a building Let’s go indoors. Oh dear! I’ve left my sunglasses indoors. ▶ w/do domu w/do budynku  OPPOSITES  outdoors, out of doors
indoor /ˈɪndɔ:(r); US / adj. [only before a noun] done or used inside a building indoor games zawody halowe an indoor swimming pool basen kryty indoor shoes pantofle domowe ▶ odbywający się/używany wewnątrz budynku
skłaniać
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induce
induce /ɪnˈdju: s; US -du: s / verb [transitive] (formal) 1 to make or persuade sb to do sth Nothing could induce him to change his mind. ▶ skłaniać 2 to cause or produce sth drugs that induce sleep ▶ wywoływać powodować
kurs wprowadzający
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introductory course
inˈduction course noun [countable] (Brit.) a training course for new employees, students, etc. that is designed to give them a general introduction to the business, school, etc. ▶ kurs wprowadzający
pozwalać sobie na coś
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indulge in something
2[transitive] to give sb/sth what he/she/it wants or needs You shouldn’t indulge that child. It will make him very selfish. At the weekends he indulges his passion for fishing. ▶ pobłażać dogadzać ulegać (komuś/czyimś życzeniom itp.)
/ɪnˈdʌldʒ/ 1 [i, t] indulge (yourself) (in sth) to allow yourself to have or do sth for pleasure I’m going to indulge myself and go shopping for some new clothes. Maria never indulges in gossip. ▶ pozwalać sobie (na coś) folgować sobie (w czymś)
pobłażanie sobie
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indulgence
2[countable] something that you have or do because it gives you pleasure A cigar after dinner is my only indulgence. ▶ przyjemność ekstrawagancja
indulgence /ɪnˈdʌldʒəns; US / noun 1 [uncountable] the state of having or doing whatever you want to lead a life of indulgence Over-indulgence in chocolate makes you fat. ▶ pobłażanie sobie oddawanie się (czemuś)
pobłażliwy
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indulgent, indulgently
indulgent /ɪnˈdʌldʒənt; US / adj. allowing sb to have or do whatever they want indulgent parents ▶ pobłażliwy łatwo ulegający □ indulgently /; US / adv. ▶ pobłażliwie z pobłażaniem
przemysłowy
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industrial
industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl; US / adj. 1 [only before a noun] connected with industry industrial development/workers industrial chemicals ▶ przemysłowy 2 having a lot of factories, etc. an industrial region/country/town ▶ uprzemysłowiony
strike
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industrial action
Tego zwrotu używa się w języku formalnym. Ma odcień łagodniejszy niż strike, którego używa się w języku codziennym.
industrial ˈaction noun [uncountable] action that workers take, especially stopping work, in order to protest about sth to their employers to threaten (to take) industrial action ▶ strajk
teren przemysłowy
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industrial estate
inˌdustrial eˈstate (US inˌdustrial ˈpark) noun [countable] an area especially for factories, on the edge of a town ▶ teren przemysłowy
przemysłowiec
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industrialist
industrialist /ɪnˈdʌstriəlɪst; US / noun [countable] a person who owns or manages a large industrial company ▶ przemysłowiec
uprzemysławiać się
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industrialize
industrialization /ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃn; US -ləˈz- / noun [uncountable] ▶ uprzemysłowienie industrializacjainˌdustrial reˈlations noun [pl.] relations between employers and employees ▶ stosunki między pracodawcami i pracownikami
industrialize (also industrialise) /ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪz; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to develop industries in a country Japan industrialized rapidly at the end of the 19th century. the industrialized nations of the world ▶ uprzemysławiać (się
pracowity
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industrious
industrious /ɪnˈdʌstriəs; US / adj. always working hard  SYNONYM  hard-working ▶ pracowity
przemysł
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industry
2[countable] the people and activities involved in producing sth, providing a service, etc. The new high-tech industries are replacing manufacturing industries in many areas. the tourist/catering/entertainment industry ▶ gałąź przemysłu branża
industry /ˈɪndəstri; US / noun (pl. industries) ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW 1[uncountable] the production of goods in factories Is British industry being threatened by foreign imports? heavy/light industry ▶ przemysł
niejadalny
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inedible
inedible /ɪnˈedəbl; US / adj. (formal) not suitable to be eaten an inedible plant The food in the canteen is absolutely inedible. ▶ niejadalny
nieefektywny
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ineffective
ineffective /ˌɪnɪˈfektɪv; US / adj. not producing the effect or result that you want ▶ nieefektywny nieskuteczny
niewydajny
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inefficient
□ inefficiency /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃənsi; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ niewydajność nieskuteczność —inefficiently /; US / adv. ▶ niewydajnie nieskutecznie nieudolnie nieefektywnie
/ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt ; US / adj. not working or producing results in the best way, so that time or money is wasted an inefficient use of space Our heating system is very old and extremely inefficient. an inefficient secretary ▶ niewydajny nieskuteczny
nieelegancki
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inelegant
inelegant /ɪnˈelɪɡənt; US / adj. not attractive or elegant an inelegant fall an inelegant phrase ▶ nieelegancki  OPPOSITE  elegant □ inelegantly /; US / adv. ▶ nieelegancko
nie mający uprawnień
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ineligible
□ ineligibility /ɪnˌelɪdʒəˈbɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ brak kwalifikacji/uprawnień
ɪnˈelɪdʒəbl; US / adj. ineligible (for/to do sth) without the necessary certificates, etc. to do or get sth She was ineligible for the job because she wasn’t a German citizen. ineligible to vote ▶ nie mający kwalifikacji/uprawnień/prawa (do czegoś)
nierówność
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inequality
inequality /ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti; US / noun [c, u] (pl. inequalities) (a) difference between groups in society because one has more money, advantages, etc. than the other There will be problems as long as inequality between the races exists. ▶ nierówność
inercja, opieszałość
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inertia
2 the physical force that keeps things where they are or keeps them moving in the direction they are travelling ▶ bezwładność inercja
inertia /ɪˈnɜ:ʃə; US / noun [uncountable] 1 a lack of energy; not being able to move or change The inertia of the system makes change very difficult. ▶ opieszałość inercja
nieunikniony, nieuchronny
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inevitable, inevitable
—inevitably /ɪnˈevɪtəbli; US / adv. Building new roads inevitably creates huge problems. ▶ nieuchronnie niechybnieinevitability /ɪnˌevɪtəˈbɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ nieuchronność
inevitable /ɪnˈevɪtəbl; US / adj. that cannot be avoided or prevented from happening With more cars on the road, traffic jams are inevitable. It was inevitable that she would find out the truth one day. ▶ nieunikniony nieuchronny
niedokładny
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inexact
inexact /ˌɪnɪɡˈzækt; US / adj. not accurate or exact an inexact description Economics is an inexact science. ▶ niedokładny
niewybaczalny
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inexcusable
inexcusable /ˌɪnɪkˈskju: zəbl; US / adj. that cannot be allowed or forgiven Their behaviour was quite inexcusable. inexcusable delays ▶ niewybaczalny
niewyczerpalny, nieograniczony
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inexhaustible
inexhaustible /ˌɪnɪɡˈzɔ: stəbl; US / adj. that cannot be finished or used up completely Our energy supplies are not inexhaustible. ▶ niewyczerpany nieograniczony
niedrogi, tani
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inexpensive
inexpensive /ˌɪnɪkˈspensɪv; US / adj. low in price an inexpensive camping holiday ▶ niedrogi tani  SYNONYM  cheap  OPPOSITE  expensive □ inexpensively /; US / adv. ▶ niedrogo
niedoświadczenie
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inexperience
inexperience /ˌɪnɪkˈspɪəriəns; US / noun [uncountable] not knowing how to do sth because you have not done it before The mistakes were all due to inexperience. ▶ brak doświadczenia niedoświadczenie
niedoświadczony
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inexperienced
inexperienced /ˌɪnɪkˈspɪəriənst; US / adj. having little knowledge or experience of sth inexperienced drivers/staff inexperienced in modern methods a child too young and inexperienced to recognize danger ▶ niedoświadczony
niewprawny, niefachowy
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inexpert
inexpert /ɪnˈekspɜ: t; US / adj. without much skill an inexpert dancer ▶ niewprawny niefachowy ⇨ look at expert □ inexpertly /; US / adv. ▶ niewprawnie niefachowo
niewytłumaczalny
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inexplicable
inexplicable /ˌɪnɪkˈsplɪkəbl; US / adj. that cannot be explained Her sudden disappearance is quite inexplicable. ▶ niewytłumaczalny niewyjaśniony □ inexplicably /-əbli; US / adv. ▶ nie do wytłumaczenia w sposób niewytłumaczalny
niezawodny
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infallible
2 always doing what you want it to do; never failing No computer is infallible. ▶ niezawodny  OPPOSITE  for both meanings fallible □ infallibility /ɪnˌfæləˈbɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ nieomylność niezawodność
infallible /ɪnˈfæləbl; US / adj. 1 (used about a person) never making mistakes or being wrong Even the most careful typist is not infallible. ▶ nieomylny
niesławny, cieszący się złą sławą
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infamous, notorious
infamous /ˈɪnfəməs; US / adj. infamous (for sth) famous for being bad an infamous dictator The area is infamous for crime. ▶ niesławny haniebny
wiek niemowlęcy
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infancy
infancy /ˈɪnfənsi; US / noun [uncountable] the time when you are a baby or young child: (figurative) Research in this field is still in its infancy (w powijakach). ▶ niemowlęctwo wiek niemowlęcy
niemowle
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infant
W języku codziennym częściej używa się określeń baby, toddler lub child.
infant /ˈɪnfənt; US / noun [countable] a baby or very young child There is a high rate of infant mortality (wysoki wskaźnik umieralności noworodków). Mrs Davies teaches infants. 2 adults, 2 children, 1 infant ▶ niemowlę noworodek małe dziecko
infantylny, dziecinny
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infantile, childish
infantile /ˈɪnfəntaɪl; US / adj. (used about behaviour) typical of, or connected with, a baby or very young child and therefore not appropriate for adults or older children infantile jokes ▶ infantylny dziecinny
piechota
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infantry
infantry /ˈɪnfəntri; US / noun [uncountable, with sing. or pl. verb] soldiers who fight on foot The infantry was/were supported by heavy gunfire. ▶ piechota
zakażać, zarażać
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to infect
2 to make people share a particular feeling or emotion Paul’s happiness infected (udzieliła się) the whole family. ▶ (przen.) zarażać
infect /ɪnˈfekt; US / verb [t] 1[passive] infect sb/sth (with sth) to cause sb/sth to have a disease or illness We must clean the wound before it becomes infected. Many thousands of people have been infected with the virus. ▶ zakażać zarażać
zakażony
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infected
infected /ɪnˈfektɪd; US / adj. containing harmful bacteria The wound from the dog bite had become infected. an infected water supply ▶ zakażony z zakażeniem
infekcja, zakażenie
Infections can be caused by bacteria or viruses. An informal word for these is germs.
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infection, infection
2[countable] a disease or illness that is caused by harmful bacteria, etc. and affects one part of your body She is suffering from a chest infection. an ear infection ▶ infekcja zakażenie
infection /ɪnˈfekʃn; US / noun ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW 1[uncountable] the act of becoming or making sb ill A dirty water supply can be a source of infection. There is a danger of infection. ▶ infekcja zakażenie
zaraźliwy, zakaźny
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infectious
infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs; US / adj. (used about a disease, illness, etc.) that can be easily passed on to another person Flu is a highly infectious disease. • (figurative) infectious laughter ▶ zaraźliwy zakaźny
wnioskować coś z czegoś
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infer
□ inference /ˈɪnfərəns; US / noun [countable] ▶ wniosek
/ɪnˈfɜ:(r) / verb [t] (inferring; inferred) infer sth (from sth) to form an opinion or decide that sth is true from the information you have I inferred from our conversation that he was unhappy with his job. ▶ wnioskować wnosić (z czegoś, że)
niższy, gorszy
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inferior
□ inferior noun [countable] She always treats me as her intellectual inferior (jako osobę intelektualnie gorszą). ▶ podwładn-y/a osoba o niższej/gorszej pozycji (np. społecznej)
inferior /ɪnˈfɪəriə(r) / adj. inferior (to sb/sth) low or lower in social position, importance, quality, etc. This material is obviously inferior to that one. Don’t let people make you feel inferior. ▶ niższy (w hierarchii) gorszy
niższość,
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inferiority, inferiority complex
inferiˈority complex noun [countable] the state of feeling less important, clever, successful, etc. than other people ▶ kompleks niższości
—inferiority /ɪnˌfɪəriˈɒrəti; US; / noun [uncountable] ▶ niższość niższa pozycja (np. społeczna) gorszy gatunek
bezpłodny, jałowy
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infertile
□ infertility /ˌɪnfɜ:ˈtɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] infertility treatment ▶ bezpłodność jałowość nieurodzajność  OPPOSITE  fertility
infertile /ɪnˈfɜ: taɪl; US -tl / adj. 1 (used about a person or an animal) not able to have babies or produce young ▶ bezpłodny 2 (used about land) not able to grow strong healthy plants ▶ nieurodzajny jałowy
atakować o szkodnikach
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infest
The kitchen was infested with ants. These parasites infest the gills of freshwater fish. ▶ (insekty, inne szkodniki) atakować
infest /ɪnˈfest; US / verb [transitive, usually passive] (especially of insects or animals such as rats) to exist in large numbers in a particular place, often causing damage or disease shark-infested waters wody rojące się od rekinów
plaga
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infestation
infested /ɪnˈfestɪd; US / adj. infested (with sth) (used about a place) with large numbers of unpleasant animals or insects in it The warehouse was infested with rats. shark-infested waters ▶ opanowany (przez coś) rojący się (od czegoś)
□ infestation /ˌɪnfeˈsteɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] an infestation of lice Scientists are checking for both insect and fungal infestation. ▶ plaga
przenikać, infiltrować
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infiltrate
□ infiltration /ˌɪnfɪlˈtreɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] ▶ przeniknięcie infiltracja przenikanie —infiltrator /ˈɪnfɪltreɪtə(r); US / noun [countable] ▶ osoba dokonująca infiltracji
infiltrate /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt; US / verb [transitive] to enter an organization, etc. secretly so that you can find out what it is doing The police managed to infiltrate the gang of terrorists. ▶ przenikać infiltrować
ogromny, niewyczerpany
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infinite
infinitely /ˈɪnfɪnətli; US / adv. very much Compact discs sound infinitely better than audio cassettes. ▶ nieskończenie o wiele
infinite /ˈɪnfɪnət; US / adj. 1 very great You need infinite patience for this job. ▶ niewyczerpany ogromny 2 without limits; that never ends Supplies of oil are not infinite. ▶ nieograniczony nieskończony
nieskończoność
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infinity
2 [uncountable, countable] (symbol ∞) (in mathematics) the number that is larger than any other ▶ nieskończoność
infinity /ɪnˈfɪnəti; US / noun 1 [uncountable] space or time without end: (figurative) The ocean seemed to stretch over the horizon into infinity. ▶ bezkres wieczność nieskończoność
słaby, niedołężny
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weak, infirm
infirm /ɪnˈfɜ: m; US / adj. ill or weak, e.g. because of old age ▶ niedołężny słaby □ infirmity /ɪnˈfɜ: məti; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (pl. infirmities) weakness or illness ▶ niedołężność niemoc słabość
Lecznica
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infirmary
infirmary /ɪnˈfɜ: məri; US / noun [countable] (pl. infirmaries) (used mainly in names) a hospital The Manchester Royal Infirmary ▶ szpital lecznica
rozpalać
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inflame
The latest revelations are set to inflame (rozjuszą) public opinion still further. ▶ rozpalać (uczucia) 2 to make a situation worse or more difficult to deal with The situation was further inflamed by the arrival of the security forces. ▶ zaogniać
inflame /ɪnˈfleɪm; US / verb [t] (formal) 1 to cause very strong feelings, especially anger or excitement, in a person or in a group of people His comments have inflamed teachers all over the country. Her defiance inflamed his jealousy yet further.
w stanie zapalnym
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inflamed, inflammation
inflammation /ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a condition in which a part of the body becomes red, sore and swollen because of infection or injury ▶ zapalenie stan zapalny
inflamed /ɪnˈfleɪmd; US / adj. (used about a part of the body) red and swollen or painful because of an infection or injury ▶ zaogniony w stanie zapalnym
łatwopalny
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inflammable
Uwaga! Flammable ma to samo znaczenie, ale jest rzadziej używane.  OPPOSITE  non-flammable
inflammable /ɪnˈflæməbl; US / adj. that burns easily Petrol is highly inflammable. ▶ łatwopalny palny
nadmuchiwany
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inflatable
inflatable /ɪnˈfleɪtəbl; US / adj. that can or must be filled with air an inflatable dinghy/mattress ▶ nadmuchiwany pneumatyczny
napompować
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inflate
inflate /ɪnˈfleɪt; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to fill sth with air; to become filled with air ▶ napompowywać nadymać (się) Mniej formalne słowo to blow up.  OPPOSITE  deflate
inflacja
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inflation
inflation /ɪnˈfleɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] a general rise in prices; the rate at which prices rise High wage rises cause inflation. the inflation rate/rate of inflation Inflation now stands at 3%. ▶ inflacja
sztywny, nieelastyczny
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rigid, inflexible
2 (used about a material) difficult or impossible to bend ▶ nieelastyczny sztywny inflexibility /ɪnˌfleksəˈbɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ nieelastyczność sztywność nieugiętość —inflexibly /ɪnˈfleksəbli; US / adv. ▶ nieelastycznie sztywno
inflexible /ɪnˈfleksəbl; US / adj. 1 that cannot be changed or made more suitable for a particular situation He has a very inflexible attitude to change. The rules are too inflexible to allow for human error. ▶ (przen.) nieelastyczny sztywny
narzucać, zadawać
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inflict sth on sb
/ɪnˈflɪkt ; US / verb [transitive] inflict sth (on sb) to force sb to have sth unpleasant or that they do not want Don’t inflict your problems on me – I’ve got enough of my own. ▶ narzucać (np. swoje poglądy) zadawać (np. ból) nakładać (np. karę)
wpływ
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influence
2[countable] an influence (on sb/sth) a person or thing that affects or changes sb/sth cultural/environmental influences His new girlfriend has been a good influence on him (ma na niego dobry wpływ). ▶ czynnik/osoba wywierając-y/a wpływ
influence1 /ˈɪnfluəns; US / noun 1[u, c] (an) influence (on/upon sb/sth) Her parents no longer have any influence over her. TV can have a strong influence on children. Nobody should drive while they are under the influence of alcohol. ▶ wpływ
wpływać, oddziaływać
Drinking alcohol can affect your ability to drive. • The TV advertisements have influenced my attitude towards drinking and driving.
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influence
Czasowniki affect i influence mają podobne znaczenie. Czasownika affect zwykle używa się opisując zmiany materialne, podczas gdy influence odnosi się najczęściej do zmiany uczuć czy opinii:
influence2 /ˈɪnfluəns/ verb [t] to have an effect on or power over sb/sth so that he/she/it changes You must decide for yourself. Don’t let anyone else influence you. Her style of painting has been influenced by Japanese art. ▶ wpływać oddziaływać
wpływowy
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influential
influential /ˌɪnfluˈenʃl; US / adj. influential (in sth/in doing sth) having power or influence an influential politician He was influential (miał duży wpływ) in getting the hostages set free. ▶ wpływowy wywierający wpływ
przypływ, odpływ
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influx
influx /ˈɪnflʌks; US / noun [countable, usually sing.] an influx (of sb/sth) (into...) large numbers of people or things arriving suddenly the summer influx of visitors from abroad ▶ napływ przypływ
informować, powiadamiać
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inform, notify
inform on sb to give information to the police, etc. about what sb has done wrong The wife of the killer informed on her husband. ▶ donosić na kogoś denuncjować kogoś
inform /ɪnˈfɔ: m; US / verb [transitive] inform sb (of/about sth) to give sb information (about sth), especially in an official way You should inform the police of the accident. Do keep me informed (informuj mnie) of any changes. ▶ informować
nieformalny, nieoficjalny
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informal, unofficial
informality /ˌɪnfɔ:ˈmæləti; US / noun [uc] an atmosphere of informality atmosfera spotkania towarzyskiego ▶ nieformalność nieoficjalność —informally /-məli; US / adv. I was told informally that our plans had been accepted. ▶ nieformalnie
informal /ɪnˈfɔ: ml; US / adj. relaxed and friendly or suitable for a relaxed occasion Don’t get dressed up for the party – it’ll be very informal. The two leaders had informal discussions before the conference began. ▶ nieformalny nieoficjalny
informator
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informant
informant /ɪnˈfɔ: mənt; US / noun [countable] a person who gives secret knowledge or information about sb/sth to the police or a newspaper The journalist refused to name his informant. ▶ informator/ka
informacja
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information
Uwaga! Rzeczownik information jest niepoliczalny. Nie można powiedzieć I need an information. Zamiast tego używa się wyrażeń a bit/a piece of information.
information /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] information (on/about sb/sth) knowledge or facts For further information please send for our fact sheet. Can you give me some information about evening classes in Italian, please? ▶ informacja
informatyka
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computer science, information technology
inforˌmation techˈnology noun [uncountable] (abbr. IT /ˌaɪ ˈti:; US /) the study or use of electronic equipment, especially computers, for collecting, storing and sending out information ▶ informatyka
pouczający
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informative
informative /ɪnˈfɔ: mətɪv; US / adj. giving useful knowledge or information ▶ informacyjny pouczający
poinformowany
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informed
informed /ɪnˈfɔ: md; US / adj. having knowledge or information about sth Consumers cannot make informed choices (nie mogą dokonać przemyślanego wyboru) unless they are told all the facts. ▶ poinformowany oparty na posiadanej wiedzy
donosiciel
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informer
informer /ɪnˈfɔ: mə(r); US / noun [countable] a criminal who gives the police information about other criminals ▶ donosiciel/ka konfident/ka
podczerwony
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infrared
infrared /ˌɪnfrəˈred; US / adj. (used about light) that produces heat but that you cannot see infrared radiation an infrared lamp ▶ podczerwony
infrastruktura
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infrastructure
infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r); US / noun [countable, uncountable] the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization to run smoothly, for example transport, and water and power supplies ▶ infrastruktura
rzadki, nieczęsty
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rare, infrequent
infrequent /ɪnˈfri: kwənt; US / adj. not happening often infrequent visits ▶ rzadki nieczęsty  OPPOSITE  frequent □ infrequently /; US / adv. ▶ rzadko nieczęsto
naruszać, łamać prawo
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infringe
2[intransitive] infringe on/upon sth to reduce or limit sb’s rights, freedom, etc. She refused to answer questions that infringed on her private affairs. ▶ ograniczać naruszać (np. czyjeś prawa)
infringe /ɪnˈfrɪndʒ; US / verb (formal) 1[transitive] to break a rule, law, agreement, etc. The material can be copied without infringing copyright. ▶ naruszać (np. prawo) łamać (np. prawo)
rozwścieczyć, wzburzyć
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infuriate
infuriating /; US / adj. an infuriating habit ▶ doprowadzający do wściekłości/szału (bardzo) irytujący —infuriatingly /; US / adv. ▶ w sposób doprowadzający do wściekłości irytująco
infuriate /ɪnˈfjʊərieɪt; US / verb [transitive] to make sb very angry ▶ rozwścieczyć wzburzyć
przepełniać
3[intransitive, transitive] if you infuseherbs, etc. or they infuse, you put them in hot water until their flavour has passed into the water ▶ (herbata itp.) parzyć zaparzać naciągać
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infuse
2[transitive] (formal) to have an effect on all parts of sth Politics infuses all aspects of our lives. ▶ dotyczyć czegoś mieć wpływ na coś
infuse /ɪnˈfju: z; US / verb 1 [transitive] (formal) infuse A into B; infuse B with A to make sb/sth have a particular quality Her novels are infused with sadness. ▶ (przen.) przepełniać
zastrzyk, napar, wyciąg
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infusion
2[countable] a drink or medicine made by leaving herbs, etc. in hot water an infusion of chamomile ▶ napar wyciąg
/ɪnˈfju:ʒn/ noun 1 [c, u] (formal) infusion of sth (into sth) the act of adding sth to sth else in order to make it stronger or more successful a cash infusion into the business an infusion of new talent into science education ▶ (przen.) zastrzyk
pomysłowy
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ingenious
2 (used about a person) full of new ideas and clever at finding solutions to problems or at inventing things ▶ pomysłowy □ ingeniously /; US / adv. ▶ pomysłowo —ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnju:əti; US -ˈnu:- / noun [uncountable] ▶ pomysłowość
ingenious /ɪnˈdʒi: niəs; US / adj. 1 (used about a thing or an idea) made or planned in a clever way an ingenious plan for making lots of money an ingenious device/experiment/invention ▶ pomysłowy
składnik, element
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ingredient
2 one of the qualities necessary to make sth successful The film has all the ingredients of success. (przen.) ▶ składnik element
ingredient /ɪnˈɡri: diənt; US / noun [countable] 1 one of the items of food you need to make sth to eat Mix all the ingredients together in a bowl. ▶ (kulin.) składnik
mieszkać, zamieszkiwać
Pytając o liczbę ludności w danym miejscu, należy powiedzieć: What is the population of...?, a nie How many inhabitants are there in...? Jednak odpowiadając na to pytanie, można powiedzieć: The population is 10 000./It has 10 000 inhabitants.
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inhabit
inhabitant /ɪnˈhæbɪtənt; US / noun [countable, usually pl.] a person or an animal that lives in a place The local inhabitants protested at the plans for a new motorway. ▶ mieszkan-iec/ka
inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt; US / verb [transitive] to live in a place Are the Aran Islands still inhabited? ▶ zamieszkiwać mieszkać
wdychać
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inhale
inhale /ɪnˈheɪl; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to breathe in Be careful not to inhale the fumes from the paint. ▶ wdychać
inhalator
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inhaler
inhaler /ɪnˈheɪlə(r); US / noun [countable] a small device containing medicine that you breathe in through your mouth, used by people who have problems with breathing ▶ inhalator
nieodłączny, właściwy
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inherent
□ inherently adv. No matter how safe we make them, cars are inherently dangerous. ▶ nieodłącznie z natury
inherent /ɪnˈhɪərənt / adj. inherent (in sb/sth) that is a basic or permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed The risk of collapse is inherent in any (jest nieodłącznym elementem każdego) business. ▶ nieodłączny właściwy (komuś/czemuś)
dziedziczyć, dostawać w spadku
öğrenmeye başla
inherit
Osoba, która dziedziczy po kimś, to heir. 2 to receive a quality, characteristic, etc. from your parents or family She has inherited her father’s gift for languages. ▶ dziedziczyć (np. talent)
inherit /ɪnˈherɪt; US / verb [transitive] inherit sth (from sb) 1 to receive property, money, etc. from sb who has died I inherited quite a lot of money from my mother. She left me $ 12 000 when she died. ▶ dziedziczyć dostawać w spadku
dziedziczenie, dziedzictwo
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inheritance
inheritance /ɪnˈherɪtəns; US / noun [countable, uncountable] the act of inheriting; the money, property, etc. that you inherit inheritance tax podatek spadkowy ▶ dziedziczenie dziedzictwo
hamować, wstrzymywać
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inhibit
2inhibit sb (from sth/from doing sth) to make sb nervous and embarrassed so that they are unable to do sth The fact that her boss was there inhibited her from saying what she really felt. ▶ powstrzymywać kogoś (przed czymś)
inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt; US / verb [transitive] 1 to prevent sth or make sth happen more slowly a drug to inhibit the growth of tumours ▶ hamować wstrzymywać
spięty, skrępowany
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inhibited
inhibition /ˌɪnhɪˈbɪʃn/ n [c, u] a shy or nervous feeling that stops you from saying or doing what you really want After the first morning of the course, people started to lose their inhibitions (pozbywać się swoich zahamowań). ▶ zahamowanie hamulec
□ inhibited /; US / adj. The young man felt shy and inhibited in the roomful of women. ▶ mający zahamowania spięty skrępowany
niegościnny
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inhospitable
2 (used about a person) not friendly or welcoming to guests ▶ niegościnny
inhospitable /ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl/ adj. 1 (used about a place) not pleasant to live in, especially because of the weather the inhospitable Arctic regions ▶ (rejon itp.) surowy nieprzyjazny
nieludzki
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inhuman, inhumane
inhumane /ˌɪnhju:ˈmeɪn; US / adj. very cruel; not caring if people or animals suffer the inhumane conditions in which animals are kept on some large farms ▶ niehumanitarny okrutny nieludzki
inhuman /ɪnˈhju: mən; US / adj. 1 very cruel and without pity inhuman treatment/conditions ▶ nieludzki okrutny 2 not seeming to be human and therefore frightening an inhuman noise ▶ nieludzki
okrucieństwo, bestialstwo
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inhumanity
inhumanity /ˌɪnhju:ˈmænəti; US / noun [uncountable] very cruel behaviour The 20th century is full of examples of man’s inhumanity to man. ▶ okrucieństwo bestialstwo
niepowtarzalny, niezrównany
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inimitable
inimitable /ɪˈnɪmɪtəbl; US / adj. too good or individual for anyone else to copy with the same effect John related in his own inimitable way the story of his trip to Tibet. the inimitable Frank Sinatra ▶ niepowtarzalny niezrównany
początkowy, wstępny
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initial
initial1 /ɪˈnɪʃl; US / adj. [only before a noun] happening at the beginning; first My initial reaction was to refuse, but I later changed my mind. the initial stages of our survey ▶ początkowy wstępny
inicjał, parafować
öğrenmeye başla
initial
initial2 /ɪˈnɪʃl; US / noun [countable, usually pl.] the first letter of a name Alison Elizabeth Waters’ initials are A.E.W. a handkerchief with the initials M.S. ▶ inicjał pierwsza litera
initial3 /ɪˈnɪʃl; US / verb [transitive] (initialling; initialled, US initialing; initialed) to mark or sign sth with your initials Any changes made when writing a cheque should be initialled by you. ▶ podpisywać się inicjałami parafować
początkowo, wstęnie
öğrenmeye başla
initially, initially
initially /ɪˈnɪʃəli; US / adv. at the beginning; at first I liked the job initially but it soon got quite boring. ▶ początkowo wstępnie

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