TOLES Foundation 3A

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soru cevap
oferta
öğrenmeye başla
offer (a proposal, the terms of which are certain)
precedens
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precedent
oferent / osoba składająca ofertę
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offeror
bezwarunkowe
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unconditional (absolute, without any doubts or suggestions of change)
trudno jest jednoznacznie stwierdzić
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It is difficult to reach a definite conclusion.
przyjęcie oferty nie może być milczące
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acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence.
Przyjęcie oferty musi być wyraźnie zakomunikowane oferentowi.
öğrenmeye başla
Acceptance must be actively communicated to the offeror.
sąd pierwszej instancji
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courts of first instance
prawo zwyczajowe
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common law
ratio decidendi
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the reasoning behind the decision. This is the part of the judge's word that provides the legal reasoning for his or her decision. Only ratio decidendi is binding.
pozostała część wyroku
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obiter dictum (is something that is not really necessary for the legal basis for the decision)
wiążące
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binding
distinguishable from the present case
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This means that the case is so different that the precedent does not apply in this particular situation).
źródła prawa
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sources of law
zbiór praw
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body of laws
Gdy sędzia rozstrzyga wynik konkretnej sprawy musi zwrócić uwagę na zasady prawaa, które wynikają z poprzednich spraw dotyczących takich samych lub podobnych sytuacji.
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When a judge decides the result of a particular case he or she must pay attention to the principles of law that come from an earlier case dealing with the same or similar points.
Rozstrzygnięcia mogą stać się wiązące dla przyszłych sędziów i mogą stać się prawem, którego każdy musi przestrzegać.
öğrenmeye başla
A statement of law can become binding upon later judges and can become the law for everyone to follow.
rozstrzygające czynniki
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deciding factors
ogłoszenie wyroku
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pronouncement
an old-fashioned word meaning a judge's words at the end of a case giving his or her decision).
istotny
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relevant
To źródło prawa jest nazywane prawem zwyczajowym.
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This source of law is called the common law.
Jak precedens zostanie ustatnowiony to staje się częścią prawa i jest wiążący dla sądów niższej instancji.
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Once a precedent is established it forms part of the law and is binding upon lower courts.
ułożyć w odpowiednim porządku
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to put something in correct order
wyjaśnić komuś swoją opinię
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to make my opinion on this matter clear to somebody
Załączam fakturę/rachunek (idiom)
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I enclose my account for your attention.
Jeśli masz dodatkowe pytania proszę o kontakt
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If you have any further questions do not hesitate to contact me.
Miło mi potwierdzić moją opinię
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I am pleased to confirm to you the advice
Nie zawarłeś kontraktu w związku z tym, że nie zaakceptowałeś przedstawionej Ci oferty.
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You didn't form a contract as you did not accept their offer to provide you.
Bardzo dziękuję za przyjście wczoraj w związku z powyższą sprawą.
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Thank you very much for coming to see me yesterday in connection with the above matter.
Moja opinia to:
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My advice is to:
oferta
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offer
przyjęcie oferty
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acceptance
zamiar
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intention
Elementami umowy w Anglii są: oferta, przyjęcie oferty, świadczenie, zamiar
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The elements of an English contract are: offer, acceptance, consideration, intention.
złożyć propozycję drugiej stronie
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to make proporsal to the other party
Oferta jest na określonych warunkach.
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The proposal is on absolutely certain terms.
wymienić coś za coś
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to exchange someting in return for something
prawnie wiążące
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legally binding
jest bezwzględnie niezbędne
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It is absolutely necessary that
składający ofertę
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offeror (the person who makes an offer)
przyjmujący ofertę
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offerree (the person who receive the offer)
oferta nie jest możliwa do przyjęcia
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the offer is no longer open to acceptance.
oferta wygasła
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The offer has lapsed.
kontroferta
öğrenmeye başla
counter-offer
Skutkiem prawnym jest anulowanie pierwszej oferty
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The legal effect is to cancel the original offer
odrzucić ofertę
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to reject an offer
wycofać ofertę
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to revoke/withdraw an offer
Sue zaoferowała dom na sprzedaż w cenie 100 000 EUR
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Sue offers the house for sale AT a price of 100 000 EUR.
zamiar utworzenia stosunku prawnego
öğrenmeye başla
intention to create a legal relationship
świadczenie
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consideration (what one party promises to give to, or promises to do for, the other party).
Jest wiele precedensów w angielskim prawie kiedy sędziowe zdecydowali co jest świadczeniem wzajemnym a co nie.
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There are many precedents in English law where judges decide what is good consideration and what is not.
"Świadczeniem są zwykle następujące rzeczy:
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"Benefit is usually the following:
* zobowiązanie do działania
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* commitment to action
* zobowiązanie do zaniechania
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* obligation to refrain from
* towary
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* goods
* usługi
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* services
* pieniądze
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* money
"
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"Consideration is usually one of the following things:
*a promise to do something
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* a promise to do something
forbearance
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* a promise not to do something in the future
* goods
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* goods
* services
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* services
* money
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* money
"
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"
Świadczenie musi być wzajemne. Musi działać w dwie strony.
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Consideration must be reciprocal. It must travel in both direction.
zaniechanie
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forbearance
uzyskać korzyść
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to gain benefit
ponieść szkodę
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"to suffer a detriment.
"
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"
Większość współczesnego prawa kontraktowego pochodzi z przepisów stanowionych. Jest to źródło prawa.
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Much modern contract law comes from statute. It's a source of law.
przepisy stanowione
öğrenmeye başla
statue / statutory law / Acts of Parliament / legislation / law made by Parliament
uchwalać przepisy
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to pass statue
być wybranym
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to be elected
wybory
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general election
członkowie izby niższej parlamentu (House of Commons)
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MPs
pochodzić z różnych środowisk
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to come from a variety of backgrounds
izba niższa parlamentu (UK)
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The House of Commons
izba wyższa parlamentu (UK)
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The House of Lords
prawo do zatrzymania zaproponowanych przepisów przed staniem się prawem
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a power to stop a proposed statute from becoming law
Monarcha musi dać zgodę przed tym jak nowe przepisy staną się prawem.
öğrenmeye başla
The monarch has to give permission before a new statute becomes law.
udzielić zgody królewskiej
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to give the "Royal Assent"
legislacja (wszystkie przepisy stworzone przez Parlament)
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legislation
warunki umowy
öğrenmeye başla
terms of contract.
przepisy stanowione zajmują się / obejmują / ustanawiają
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A statute deals with / covers / places
ustanowić restrykcje dotyczące
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to place some restrictions upon
liability for negligence
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odpowiedzialność za zaniedbanie
ograniczyć odpowiedzialność
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to limit somebody liability for negligence
restrykcje / ograniczenia
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restriction (a limit that is put on something)
odpowiedzialność prawna
öğrenmeye başla
liability
wykonywać warunki/obowiązki
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to perform conditions and duties
terms
öğrenmeye başla
all of the duties and conditions contained in a contract
warunek/postanowienie umowy
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term / provision (a single duty or condition contained in a contract. It is sometimes called a provision.)
prawne sformułowania
öğrenmeye başla
legal terms
okres obowiązywania umowy
öğrenmeye başla
term (the duration of a contract)
osoby trzecie
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third parties
jurysdykcja
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jurisdiction (legal power over a geographical area or people)
warunek umowny
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condition (something that you have to do in order for something else to happen)
być niezgodne
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to be contrary to
być zgodne z prawem
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to comply with the law (to follow the law correctly)
darowizna
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donation
zgoda
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consent
zawierać umowę
öğrenmeye başla
enter into contract
treść umowy
öğrenmeye başla
contents of the contract
nieważność (umowy)
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void
zdolność do zawarcia umowy
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capacity to contract
umysłowo chory
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mentally ill
dobrowolnie
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voluntarily
pod przymusem
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under duress (pressure)
Kontrakt może być pisemny, ustny albo w formie oświadczenia złożonego w obecności świadków.
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A contract may be written, oral (spoken) or in the form of a deed.
Ustne umowy są ważne zgodnie z angielskim prawem.
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An oral contract is binding according to English law.
forma zawarcia umowy polegająca na złożeniu oświadczenia w obecności świadków.
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deed / contract under seal
suma pieniędzy
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sum of money
strona dokonująca naruszenia
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party in breach
poszkodowana strona
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injured party
powód
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claimant (UK) / plaintiff (US, UK untill 1999)
pozwany
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defendant
rozwiązać (np. umowę)
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to discharge
rozwiązanie umowy przez jej złamanie
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breach
w szczególnej sytuacji
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In very special circumstances
możliwa do dochodzenia przed sądem
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enforceable by a court
postanowienie nie jest ważne
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the term is not valid.

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